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Objective Multisystem infammatory syndrome (MIS-C) in children is a febrile illness that has overlapping presentation with other locally prevalent illnesses. Clinicolaboratory profle of children admitted with MIS-C and dengue were compared to understand their presentation at the outset. Methods This was a retrospective study of children?12 y admitted with MIS-C (WHO defnition) or laboratory-confrmed dengue between August 2020 and January 2021 at a tertiary center in North India. Results A total of 84 children (MIS-C - 40; dengue - 44) were included. The mean (SD) age [83.5 (39) vs. 91.6 (35) mo] was comparable. Rash (72.5% vs. 22.7%), conjunctival injection (60% vs. 2.3%), oral mucocutaneous changes (27.5% vs. 0) and gallop rhythm (15% vs. 0) were seen more frequently with MIS-C, while petechiae [29.5% vs. 7.5%], myalgia (38.6% vs. 10%), headache (22.7% vs. 2.5%), and hepatomegaly (68.2% vs. 27.5%) were more common with dengue. Children with MIS-C had signifcantly higher C-reactive protein (124 vs. 3.2 mg/L) and interleukin 6 (95.3 vs. 20.7 ng/mL), while those with dengue had higher hemoglobin (12 vs. 10.2 g/dL) lower mean platelet count (26 vs. 140× 109 /L), and greater elevation in aspartate (607 vs. 44 IU/L) and alanine (235.5 vs. 56 IU/L) aminotransferases. The hospital stay was longer with MIS-C; however, PICU stay and mortality were comparable. Conclusion In hospitalized children with acute febrile illness, the presence of mucocutaneous features and highly elevated CRP could distinguish MIS-C from dengue. The presence of petechiae, hepatomegaly, and hemoconcentration may favor a diagnosis of dengue.
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Case?Presentation Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a relatively rare bone tumor of cartilaginous origin and it comprises less than 1% of all primary bony tumors. Clavicle is an unusual site of involvement for any bone tumor and may produce diagnostic dilemma. Approximately only 1% of all primary bone tumors may involve the clavicle. The literature on clinical features and outcome of CMF clavicle remains sparse. Conclusion?We present an unusual case of CMF clavicle in which the medial aspect of the clavicle gradually disappeared on radiographs. CMF should be included in the differential diagnoses of disappearing bone disease.
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Background:Since the advent of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI), well controlled studies in developed world have shown that the life expectancy of patients with CML is comparable to normal people without the disease. But long-term follow up studies are lacking in resource poor setting. Methods:This is a retrospective follow up study looking at the molecular response and resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) in patients enrolled in the Max Access Program since February 2003 till March 2017. Patients with twoor more BCR-ABL1 levels by Karyotyping/ fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) / reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were included. At baseline, complete blood count (CBC), renal function test (RFT), and liver function test (LFT) were evaluated. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy for morphology, cytogenetic analysis by Karyotyping/FISH and/or molecular analysis by RT-PCR were also done if these tests were not performed earlier. FISH or RT-PCR was done on peripheral blood every 3–12 months as necessary if the patient could afford. Patients with warning response/failure underwent BCR-ABL1 Resistance Mutation Analysis (IRMA).Results:Three hundred and forty six (346) patients had two or more BCR-ABL1 monitoring tests done. Optimal response was seen in 49.42%. Similarly, suboptimal response and failure were seen in 16.5% and 34% respectively. Overall Survival is 89.6% (at 1.8 -165 months, mean 62 months) . If only CML related events is considered survival is 95.9%. Seventy seven (77) patients with a total of 80 BCR-ABL1 domain Imatinib Resistance Mutation Analyses (IRMA) showed 19 different types of mutations with the most common being T315I mutation (8 and 19.5%). About 22.25% of the total patients showed resistance to Glivec out of which 10.98% showed mutations. Nine patients underwent trial for treatment free response (TFR) and 5 of them relapsed between 2-8 months.Conclusions:Despite all the odds of having financial problem, accessibility problem due to distances, transportation, etc. and difficulty monitoring with routine BCR-ABL1 and IRMA, our findings show that the outcome of TKI therapy in our CML patients is comparable to well controlled studies done elsewhere. Overall survival, molecular and cytogenetic responses and mutations in our patients who developed resistance as well as TFR are also similar to other studies. The resistance rate of 22.25% is slightly higher compared to other studies in developed world. This is mainly because of poor monitoring due to unavailability of the test including IRMA in our country and affordability until 2012. It proves that TKI is very effective in CML even in a resource-poor, developing country
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Good wound closure is an important step in management of distal femur fracture to prevent infection and faster rehabilitation. Knotless barbed sutures can save time and distribute wound tension evenly. However, its role in terms of functional outcome, closure time, and postoperative complications has not been studied in a distal femur fracture. Material and methods: A total of 47 patients aged more than 18 years of distal femur fracture treated with distal femur locking plate were randomized either into either barbed or traditional suture groups. in the barbed group, capsular wound closure was carried out with 2-0 bidirectional barbed knotless sutures (Quill SRS® PDO, Angiotech, Vancouver, BC, Canada). In patients assigned to group B, capsular closure was done with 1-0 Vicryl® (Ethicon inc. Somerville, NJ) and 5-0 Ethibond® alternatively. Results: The mean flexion at the knee joint was 105.7±15.6 degrees in the study group while it was 110.4±13.7 in the control group (p= 0.2133). Mean estimated closure time was significantly shorter in the study group as compared to the control group (p<0.05). Cases of needle prick injury were higher in traditional suture group. Patients developed stitch abscess and superficial infection in both groups. However, the difference in incidence between the two was not statistically significant Conclusion: Barbed suture is an efficient method of wound closure. It reduces wound closure time with similar complication rate as with use of conventional sutures. Evidence Level II; Randomized Clinical Trial.
RESUMO Introdução: O fechamento adequado da ferida é um passo importante no manejo da fratura distal do fêmur a fim de evitar infecção e permitir uma rápida reabilitação. Suturas farpadas sem nós podem poupar tempo e distribuir uniformemente a tensão da ferida. Entretanto, seu papel em termos de resultado funcional, tempo de fechamento e complicações pós-operatórias não tem sido analisado em casos de fratura distal do fêmur. Material e métodos: Um total de 47 pacientes com mais de 18 anos de idade com fratura distal do fêmur tratados com placa de fixação distal do fêmur foram aleatorizados em grupos de sutura farpada ou tradicional. No grupo de farpados, o fechamento da ferida capsular foi feito com suturas sem nós farpados bidirecionais 2-0 (Quill SRS® PDO, Angiotech, Vancouver, BC, Canadá). Em pacientes designados para o grupo B, o fechamento capsular foi feito com Vicryl®1-0 (Ethicon inc. Somerville, NJ) e Ethibond® 5-0 respectivamente. Resultados: A flexão média na articulação do joelho foi de 105,7±15,6 graus no grupo de estudo e 110,4±13,7 no grupo controle (p= 0,2133). O tempo médio estimado de fechamento foi significativamente menor no grupo de estudo em comparação com o grupo controle (p<0,05). Os casos de ferimento por perfuração da agulha foram maiores no grupo de sutura tradicional. Os pacientes desenvolveram abscesso de pontos e infecção superficial em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, a diferença na incidência entre os dois não foi estatisticamente significative Conclusão: A sutura farpada é um método eficiente para o fechamento de feridas. Ele reduz o tempo de fechamento das feridas com uma taxa de complicação semelhante à utilização de suturas convencionais. Evidência Nível II; Ensaio Clínico Randomizado.
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Introduction: Forensic odontology involves the collection, management, interpretation, evaluation, and presentation of dental evidence for criminal or civil legal proceedings, a combination of various aspects of the dental, scientific and legal professions. Bite mark analysis is an essential aspect of it that can significantly impact the courtroom or when considering the care of children and women deemed at risk. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained and analyzed from previously published literature and electronic database searches of relevant published literature from PubMed and Google Scholar. Forensic odontologists examine, interpret, analyze, and prepare reports on bruises or marks thought to be caused by teeth and, on occasion, are cross-examined in a court of law. Hence, they are considered essential in forensic dentistry in solving crimes to find either suspects or even victims in self-inflicted injuries as they are caused either by humans or animals that reveal biting edges, spacing, restorations, missing teeth, broken teeth, or supernumerary teeth unique to that individual. The main reasons for causation are sexual crimes, homicides, child abuse, and violent fights. There are many methods to analyze, that are classified into manual, semi-automatic, and automatic methods. Objectives: This review highlights the bite marks in detail about their characteristics, methods of collection and different methods of analysis and its applications in forensic odontology. Conclusion: This review shows different methods of analyzing bitemarks and explains the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations, and identifies which method is better advisable and adaptableforanalysis.
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Plants have been the main source of therapeutic agents in world’s most ancient system of medicine, the Ayurveda. Nimb (also known as Margosa tree) is one of the most commonly used plants in Ayurveda for the management of a large number of ailments. It is a member of the Meliaceae family, found commonly in India, Africa and America. Nimb has been used exclusively by mankind to treat various diseases since even before the availability of manuscripts that recorded the beginning of history. Nimb is well described in Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita, Ashtang Hridayam, Chikitsa grantha and Nighantus. It is having Laghu guna, Tikta kashaya rasa, Sheeta virya and Katu vipaka, due to which it has been considered as Kapha-pitta shamaka. Acharya Bhav Mishra considers it Tridosh Shamak. It is traditionally used in the treatment of various ailment i.e., Krimi, Kushtha, Jwara, Kandu, Shopha and many more. All the parts of the plant have been used in the preparation of therapeutic formulations. Nimb contains various bioactive compounds like Nimbinin and Nimbidin, due to which it shows antibiotic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antihelmenthic, antifungal, diuretic, antihistaminic, nematicidal and spermicidal properties and other biological activities. Present paper is an effort to validate pharmacological properties of Nimb described in Ayurveda through reverse pharmacology.
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One of the most consumed and readily available products causing psychological dependence among the population is tobacco and its related products. Though the government of India is undertaking measures to reduce tobacco consumption, factors like easy availability, lack of monitoring of tobacco use among youngsters, low cost and rapid absorption into the central nervous system is prompting people from a young age to the elderly to consume tobacco-related products. Legislative measures to reduce tobacco consumption seldom reach or benefit people as laws differ across States. This increases the prevalence of respiratory diseases like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and lung cancer. This review ar-ticle discusses the status of tobacco consumption in India with emphasis on tobacco-related legislation in States and associated health inequities.
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Background: Objectives: Uterine smooth muscle tumours are diagnostically challenging as well as scientifically intriguing with leiomyoma being the most common. On review of literature there are numerous studies on audit of hysterectomy specimens worldwide, however, studies focusing on detailed histopathologi cal analysis of leiomyomas are limited. Thereby, this study was conducted to identify the secondary changes as well as histological variants of leiomyoma, their frequency of occurrence and other associated clinicopathological factors Methods: A retrospecti ve audit of all the hysterectomy and myomectomy specimens was conducted over a period of 3 years (Jan 2016 to Dec 2018) comprising of a total of 155 cases with 388 leiomyomas (LM). The clinical details were retrieved, and histopathological slides reviewed for cellularity, mitosis, atypia, necrosis, any secondary changes or specific variants. Results: On histopathology, 19.1% LM showed degenerative changes and histologic variants were observed in 6.18% LM. Hyaline change was the most frequent degenerative ph enomenon in 82.43% (60/74) while cellular leiomyoma was the most common variant in 37.5% (9/24) LM. Conclusion: Certain histological variants make the differentiation from malignant tumors challenging. A thorough tissue sampling and strict adherence to histologic criteria coupled with a ncillary techniques like immunohistochemistry can help in excluding malignancy in most of the cases. Awareness regarding these is very important amongst youn g pathologists to avoid misdiagnosis and overtreatment leading to unwarranted stress to the patient.
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Giant parathyroid adenomas are uncommon. Its clinical management is challenging. Our study抯 goal is to share our experience with pre-operative localization of parathyroid adenomas while emphasizing the importance of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) assays in such situations. Here, we present the case of a 46-year-old woman who was diagnosed with parathyroid adenoma. The clinical aspects, pre-operative management, and surgical procedure have all been examined. Parathyroid hormone levels were reduced by 90% following surgical removal of the tumor and an IOPTH assay. IOPTH significantly improves surgical success rates in patients with only one positive imaging test result and adds significant value to surgical decision-making.
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India is home to the largest population of indigenous tribes in the world. Despite initiative of the National Rural Health Mission, now National Health Mission (NHM) and various tribal development programmes since India’s Independence, disparity in healthcare for Scheduled Tribes (STs) prevails. The constitution of Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs) in 2007 by the NHM is a step towards decentralized planning and community engagement to improve health, nutrition and sanitation services. VHSNCs are now present in almost all States of the country. However, several reports including the 12th Common Review Mission report have highlighted that these committees are not uniformly following guidelines and lack clarity about their mandates, with no clear visibility of their functioning in tribal areas. Therefore, this review was conducted to assess the participation of the VHSNCs in tribal dominated States in order to know in detail about their functioning and gaps if any that require intervention. Several deviations from the existing guidelines of NHM were identified and we concluded that in order to sustain and perform well, VHSNCs not only require, mobilization and strict monitoring but also motivation and willingness of its members to bring in a radical change at the grassroot level. With continuous supervision and support from both the Government and various non- governmental organizations, handholding, strategic deployment of workforce, community participation and sustained financial support, VHSNCs would be able to facilitate delivery of better healthcare to the indigenous population
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ZnO and CdO pellets with and without Mn doping were prepared by using Hydraulic pressure machine at room temperature. The effect of Mn content (1,3,5 wt % ) on the electrical properties have been carried out by Keithley meter. The result shows that the resistivity decreases as increasing Mn content. Impedance analyzer are used for dielectric behavior and results shows that decrement of dielectric constant as well as dielectric loss with the increment of frequency
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This study aimed to investigate anaerobic co-digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) with cassava peels (CP) and cabbage waste (CW) for biomethane production. The anaerobic digestion (AD) in 10L capacity bioreactors loaded separately with three different ratios (3L/ 520g, 3L/ 600g and 3L/ 680g) of POME/CP, POME/CW and POME only (control) was operated under ambient temperature (25 - 36?C) and pH range of 6.5 - 8.5 for 45 days. Standard methods were adopted in the characterization of the bioreactor feeds and microbiological study. The biomethane content of the biogas was determined using Gas Chromatography (GC). The results showed the presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp Salmonella sp among others. Fungal isolates identified include Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillum, and Geotrichum species. The mean cumulative biogas yield recorded in bioreactors charged with POME/ CP 520g, POME/ CP 600g, POME/ CP 680g and POME/CW 520g, POME/CW 600g, POME/CW 680g were 7.08, 5.18, 9.06, 9.13, 9.28 and 8.33 dm3, respectively, whereas POME alone (control) was 4.64 dm3. The best performance in biogas yield was exhibited by POME/CW 600g (9.28dm3), and the highest percentage biomethane content (68.80%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant difference (P ? 0.05) in biogas yield in all the treatments compared to control (POME alone) except in POME/CP 3L: 520g and POME/CP 3L: 600g. The results have shown that biogas production and biomethane content could be efficiently improved via co-digestion process, depending on the substrates used as feedstock.
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Background:Dengue (pronounced Dengee) fever is a painful, debilitating mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses. Aim of the study was to study radiological features of dengue fever in cases and control.Methods:Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study conducted among 100 seropositive dengue patients,18-60 years of age (fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria) at Lala Lajpat Rai hospital, Kanpur for December2019 October 2021. Selected patients were subjected to history, examination, necessary investigations and then were managed according to national vector borne disease control programme (NVBDCP) guidelines. A total of 100 serology proven dengue patients were included and followed up. Two groups (fifty in each) were allocated by simple first and then systematic random sampling. Case group was given doxycycline and control group was given placebo. Results:USG findings commonly seen in both the cases and control group were hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites right pleural effusion, thickened GB wall and edema. In both the groups, pleural effusion was the most common complication.Conclusions: Ultrasound examinations detected plasma leakage in multiple body compartments around time of defervescence. Presence of plasma leakage in form of ascites and pleural effusion was more in control group as compared to case group seems doxycycline decrease the plasma leakage. Pleural effusion is most common finding ofplasma leakage.
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Aims: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) continues to be a devastating complication amongst survivors of myocardial infarction (MI). Mortality is high in the initial months after MI. The aims of the INSPIRE-ELR study were to assess the proportion of patients with significant arrhythmias early after MI and the association with mortality during 12 months of follow-up. Methods: The study included 249 patients within 14 days after MI with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) _x0001_35% at discharge in 11 hospitals in India. Patients received a wearable external loop recorder (ELR) 5 ± 3 days after MI to monitor arrhythmias for 7 days. Results: Patients were predominantly male (86%) with a mean age of 56 ± 12 years. In 82%, reperfusion had been done and all received standard of care cardiovascular medications at discharge. LVEF was 32.2 ± 3.9%, measured 5.1 ± 3.0 days after MI. Of the 233 patients who completed monitoring (7.1 ± 1.5 days), 81 (35%) experienced significant arrhythmias, including Ventricular Tachycardia/Fibrillation (VT/ VF): 10 (4.3%); frequent Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs): 65 (28%); Atrial Fibrillation (AF): 8 (3.4%); chronic atrial flutter: 4 (1.7%); 2nd or 3rd degree Atrioventricular (AV) block: 4 (1.7%); and symptomatic bradycardia: 8 (3.4%). In total, 26 patients died. Mortality was higher in patients with clinically significant arrhythmia (at 12 months: 23.6% vs 4.8% with 19 vs 7 deaths, hazard ratio (HR) ¼ 5.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3 to 13.0, p < 0.0001). Excluding 7 deaths during ELR monitoring, HR ¼ 4.5, p < 0.001. Conclusion: ELR applied in patients with acute MI and LV dysfunction at the time of discharge identifies patients with high mortality risk.
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Background : Gall Bladder Polyps are mucosal lesions that project from the Gall Bladder wall into the Gallbladder lumen. They form morphologically distinct lesion/s with internal characteristics different than that of neighboring structures as verified by microscopic examination. About 4-6% are picked up clinically, 2-12% in Cholecystectomy specimens and 4% on Ultrasound. Materias and Methods : A three calendar year retrospective single surgical unit study compromised of 1442 cholecystectomies performed for benign Gall Bladder Disease. The patient were subjected to Ultrasound of abdomen for diagnosis and routine clinic work up. The Gall Bladders Harboring Polyps were examined grossly for site ,number, and microscopy for histological details. Results : In a total number of 40 cases of Gall Bladder Polyp, females outnumbered males. This series spreads over age groups of 3rd decade - 9th decade, most of the patients were seen in 6th decade of life. Youngest patients were 27 years old and oldest one was 85 years old. Incidentally, none of the old patients had evidence of malignancy on histopathology in their Gall Badder Polyp, only 2% were necessitated for a pre-operative diagnosis of Gall Bladder Polyps alone. Rest required it for presence of Gallstones with or without Polyp. None of >10mm size showed any malignant change on histopathological examination. On the Contrary, among the polypoid lesions <10mm size, one polypid lesion (7mm) showed a malignant change (Carcinoma in situ) Conclusion : A predictive model for neoplastic potential of Gall Bladder Polyp may support clinical decision to achieve an ideal therapeutic outcome. Hence a need for reappraisal of management guidelines.
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Background and Objectives: Food shortages and nutritional imbalances are among the main food security problems in many countries around the world. In this study, the nutrients content of the yellow and red-fleshed sweet potatoes varieties cultivated in Nigeria were assessed. Materials and Methods: The proximate composition, mineral elements analysis, phytochemicals, and vitamins content of the red and yellow-fleshed sweet potatoes were determined using the standard methods of analysis. Results: The proximate analysis has shown that, the moisture (17.927%) and fat (2.703%) content of the yellow sweet potato were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in the red potato with a content of 16.68% and 1.693% respectively. The protein and fiber content of the red potato are 14.280% and 14.572% respectively, this is quite higher than in the yellow cultivar having 12.987% and 10.443% of the nutrients respectively. The ash and carbohydrate content were same in both. The red potato exhibits high level of sodium (11.420 mg/l), potassium (1.206 mg/l), and magnesium (8.468 mg/l) in contrast to the red potato containing 10.270 mg/l, 1.035 mg/l and 6.127 mg/l of the respective elements. Iron and zinc content were comparable in both cultivars while the calcium content (1.444 mg/l) of the yellow cultivar is significantly higher than in the red variety (1.144 mg/l). The vitamin A, B and E content of the red potato are 8.740 µmol/L, 2.977 mg/dl, and 13.267 mg/dl respectively. These values are significantly (p<0.05) higher than in the yellow potato containing 6.047 µmol/L, 1.680 mg/dl, and 11.110 mg/dl of the respective vitamins. There is no significant difference with respect to the vitamin C content of both yellow (11.850 mg/dl) and red potato (12.520 mg/dl). The phytochemicals: tannins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, and anthocyanins content of the red sweet potato are 0.967 mg/g, 1.577 mg/g, 1.867 mg/g, 6.590 mg/g and 2.660 mg/g respectively. Terpenes and anthocyanins were not found in the yellow cultivar. However, saponins (0.823 mg/g) were found in the yellow variety but not in the red potato. Amount of the tannins, flavonoids and phenols observed in the yellow-fleshed potato are 0.667 mg/g, 1.027 mg/g and 1.287 mg/g respectively. These values are lower than in the corresponding red potato. Conclusion: In this study, the nutritional contents of sweet potato varieties have been assessed which will immensely contribute to reducing the menace of malnutrition bedeviling the Northwestern part of Nigeria.
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Aim: Improper personal hygiene can facilitate the transmission of the pathogenic microorganisms found in environment and on people抯 hands via food to humans. The present study was undertaken to investigate the microbiological quality of different street food and determining the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated microorganisms. Study Design: Collection of food samples for isolation of Pathogenic Microorganisms, to identify them by using Biochemical test, molecular test (16sr RNA typing), Antibiotic susceptibility was done by using different antibiotics against the isolates. Place and Duration of Study: Food samples were collected from street vendors of Sainkpuri area, work was done from December 2020 to April 2021 at Microbiology Department, St. Francis College for Women, Hyderabad. Methodology: Five samples of street food were collected in sterilized bottles, tested for the presence of microorganisms by following standard microbiological method used for isolation of microorganisms. The organisms were identified by carrying out various biochemical test according to Bergey抯 Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The Molecular characterization was done based on 16sr RNA typing. Determining the sensitivity of the isolates against different Antibiotics by employing Kirby Bauer technique. Results: The organisms isolated from Manchuria and Ragada samples: Lactobacillus delbrueckii; Lactobacillus casei, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus faecalis and Vibrio spp respectively; Samosa and bonda: Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Pantoea dispersa; Pani puri water: Staphylococcus aureus and Providencia vermicola. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that most of the isolated microorganisms were sensitive to Ciproflaxin. Conclusion: Hence the quality of street food is found to be low due to following factor: lack hygiene conditions in the food preparation, ingredients may also affect quality of the food, and presence of air borne microorganisms in the surrounding areas of service points.
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Galantamine is an active constituent obtained from Galanthus nivalis L., a traditional herb known for its pharmacological properties, particularly nootropic effect. Folic acid is a dietary supplement that enhances neuronal activity. Effect of galantamine and folic acid on human neuronal cells is well known. In the present study, we explored the protective effect of galantamine and folic acid, both independently as well as in combination, over antioxidant defence system and nootropic effects on human neuroblastoma cells IMR-32. The treatment galantamine, folic acid and their combination was given for 24 h and cytotoxicity study was carried out by trypan blue dye exclusion assay. Apoptosis and necrosis were observed using Propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst double staining method. Biochemical assays viz. total protein, protein carbonyl, lipid peroxidation and glutathione were analyzed along with super oxide dismutase and catalase. Result of cytotoxicity showed dose dependent increase in percent viability and significant decrease was observed in apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, exposure to Galantamine, Folic acid and their combination significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl formation along with the enhancement in antioxidant defence mechanism. Findings of these dose reliant toxicity study of Galantamine , Folic acid and their combination suggest that these has higher potency when given together and shows synergistic effect. They also causes repair of human neuronal cells IMR-32 cells enhancing the cell viability and consumption of Galantamine and Folic acid together will help in prevention of CNS disorders and neurodegeneration.
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Background: FNAC is very useful technique and routinely done on palpable lesion of the body as a diagnostic procedure. For preoperative diagnosis of salivary gland lesions, triple approach technique is used in which FNAC is one of the most important techniques. The main purpose of FNAC of salivary gland lesion is in the investigation of any palpable lump and to avoid unnecessary surgery in specific benign condition. The advantages are – it provides rapid and accurate diagnosis, is therapeutic as well as diagnosis in many cystic condition. Materials and methods: Retrospective study was done for 1year from January 21 to January 22 at SBKS MI & RC, Vadodara, Gujarat. In present study, 96 cases were taken with salivary gland lesions that underwent FNAC in our Department. Results: Out of 96 cases, 61 (63.54%) cases were neoplastic and 35 (36.46%) cases were non- neoplastic which exclude chronic sialedenites. Among cases 61, 52 (85.25%) cases were benign and 9 (14.75%) cases were malignant. Males predominate and were 59 cases whereas female comprising 37 cases. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. The age range was from 11 to 73 years. Conclusion: The present was a single institutional experience where analysis of salivary gland lesion was carried out. The findings of age, sex, site distribution and pathologic features encountered in present study were comparable with those studies reported from India and other parts of the world. Although the number of salivary gland tumors discussed in this study is small, the findings should contribute in better understanding of the disease.
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Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, rapid and cost effective procedure with minimal complications for evaluating enlarged neck nodes, but also gives clue. Neck lymph nodes are a common site of metastasis for various carcinomas, usually from the upper aerodigestive tract and salivary gland or carcinoma of unknown primary. Objectives: To study different cytomorphological patterns of metastatic neck nodes. To evaluate the diagnostic utility of FNAC in diagnosis of metastatic lesions of lymph node. Methods: It is a one year prospective study comprised of all aspirates 139 lymphnodes of 968 patients. FNACs conducted in the Department of Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, between January 2019 to December 2019. A total of 70 out of 139 peripheral neck nodes in patients diagnosed with metastatic neck lymph node on FNAC were included in the study. Results: Out of 70 cases included in our study, metastasis to the neck lymph nodes were most common in the age group 51 to 60 years (38.6%) followed by 61 to 70 years (28.6%). Male preponderance was noted with male to female ratio of 1.7:1. On cytological examination, squamous cell carcinoma was found to be the most common tumor metastasizing to the neck nodes, accounting for 37 (52.9%) cases followed by each 10 (14.3%) cases each of undifferentiated carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma, 9 (12.9%) cases of adenocarcinoma, 3 (4.3%) cases of parotid gland carcinoma and 1 (1.4%) case of germ cell tumor of testis. Conclusion: FNAC is an early and reliable tool for the diagnosis of metastatic neck nodes. Any enlarged neck node should be investigated to rule out metastasis